The aim of this study was to determine the effect of eight weeks swimming training on Hepatic Enzymes and Hematological values in young female. Twenty one healthy female were selected by convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned in the two groups: The test (n=15) and control (n=6) groups. The exercise protocol included long-term swimming training lasted for eight weeks and 3 sessions per week and every session lasted for 60 to 90 minutes with intensity of 65-85 percent of maximum heart rate reserve. Blood samples were taken to measure serum hepatic enzymes and hematological values before and after swimming training period. Data were analyzed by parametric (Paired and Independent-Samples t-test) and nonparametric (Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U test) for compared within and between groups; and the level of significance was set at P< 0.05. The level of WBC, RBC, Hb and Hct in exercise group towards the end of period of the training increased significantly. Also, there were no significant differences between groups in the levels of WBC, Hb, PLT, AST and ALT. The variance between group RBC and Hb were significant. Although, the levels of serum AST and ALT levels reduce at the end of the eight weeks swimming training, but these changes did not significantly. The liver function parameters, AST and ALT were decreased after eight weeks swimming training. These findings highlight the importance of imposing restrictions on swimming training and during clinical studies. Future examinations are now essential to clarify the effectiveness of exercise on various parameters.

Sarabi cattle are found in Iran and Azerbaijan. They are used for both dairy and meat production. A histological study was carried out on the teat of Sarabi cattle for the first time in Iran. A total number of five adult and healthy cows were selected and after slaughtering, tissue samples were taken from different parts of the teat skin. After fixation in 10% formalin, they were transferred into the tissue processor. Paraffin blocks were made and thin sections of 6µ, were cut. The sections were subjected to stain by Hematoxylin and Eosin. They were studied under the light microscope and photo micrographs were taken. The results show that the teat consists of teat sinus, teat wall, teat canal and teat orifice. Teat wall includes three separable strata: skin, middle layer and mucosal layer. Teat skin contains an epidermis and dermis, but there is no evidence of hypodermis existence in contrast with the other parts of the body. Dermis is formed from networks of collagen fibers, blood vessels, circular smooth muscle and nerve fibers. Meissner’s corpuscles are found in the dermal papillae particularly in the connective tissue of teat canal. Myelinated nerve fibers are also seen in this region.

Fall Army Worm (Spodoptera frujiperda), also written as FAW, is an insect native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas, but since 2017, it has been cited in east Africa. It has significant economic importance to farmers since it has potential to destroy about 100% of maize crop. Farmers are looking for effective ways to manage the pest and reduce the crop damage. A field trial to study the ecosystem services enhanced by Conservation Agriculture was set up with maize crop which was attached by FAW. This paper documents the observations made in the process of managing the pest in conservation and conventional agriculture plots. The study observed severe attach on maize where there was little or no soil cover and on late planted maize.

Conservation Agriculture (CA) revolves around three principles; no-till (or minimal soil disturbance), soil cover, and crop rotation. This set of practices has proved to have environmental and agronomic benefits. In smallholder farms in sub-Saharan Africa, CA is increasingly being promoted as one of the strategies to improve soil health, conserve soil moisture, reduce food production cost and hence increase food security, alleviate poverty, conserve biodiversity, and increase resilience to climate change impacts like drought. This study sought to understand how smallholder farmers in Tanzania perceive conservation agriculture. The target farmers were those who had been exposed to conservation agriculture technology by the Sustainable Intensification of Maize-Legume Systems for Food Security in Eastern and Southern Africa (SIMLESA) project which was implemented by CIMMYT. Questionnaires were administered to 94 households in three villages of Morogoro Rural District, Tanzania, in March 2019. The data collected was analyzed for qualitative and quantitative trends using SPSS. All the respondent farmers were aware of conservation agriculture. Eighty-three percent (83%) heard about it for the first time from the SIMLESA project. Only 17% of the respondents had not received training about minimum tillage, crop residue retention, herbicides application among other conservation agriculture principles. A total of 81% of the farmers agreed that conservation agriculture improves soil structure and protects soil from erosion, nutrient losses, and increased maize and legumes yield. This study concluded that small scale farmers are well aware of and perceive conservation agriculture positively.